Learning and geometry
Molecular shapes (VSEPR — electron pairs push apart)
Electron pairs around a central atom push each other as far apart as they can, and that alone fixes the shape. Methane, ammonia and water all have four pairs on the same tetrahedral skeleton; what differs is how many of them are bonds, and each lone pair squeezes the bond angle further — 109.5, then 107, then 104.5 degrees.
This drawing comes from one YAML file. No shape was moved by hand.
Notes in the source (in Japanese)
中心の原子のまわりの電子対が、できるだけ離れようとする。それだけで形が決まる。原子価殻電子対反発則(VSEPR)。結合に使っている電子対と、使っていない電子対(孤立電子対)を同じように数えるのがこの規則の要。
CH4 は 109.5°、NH3 は 107°、H2O は 104.5°。どれも電子対は 4 つで、骨組みは同じ四面体。違うのはそのうち何個が結合で、何個が孤立電子対かだけ。
孤立電子対は、中心原子の正の電荷に近いところにある。だから反発が強い —— 孤立-孤立 > 孤立-結合 > 結合-結合。強いほうが弱いほうを押すので、結合どうしの角は理想値より狭くなる。109.5° → 107° → 104.5° の 2.5° と 2.5° が、押された分。
NH3 を三角錐形と呼ぶのは、孤立電子対を形の頂点に数えないから。電子対の並びは四面体だが、見える形(原子の並び)は錐になる。H2O も同じで、電子対は四面体、原子は折れ線。
周期表の形と電子配置は見本 233。
AX6E1 の例:VSEPR の予想どおり五角錐形になるのは XeOF5⁻・IOF5²⁻。XeF6 は同じ AX6E1 でも、孤立電子対が向きを定めず、ゆがんだ八面体として振る舞う例外。出典(2026-10-02 確認):Chemistry LibreTexts「1.3 The Shapes of Molecules (VSEPR Theory)」の表(XeOF5⁻ を五角錐形とする)https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Wikibook)/01:_Review_of_Chemical_Bonding/1.03:_The_Shapes_of_Molecules_(VSEPR_Theory)_and_Orbital_Hybridizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory (AX6E1 の欄。XeF6 は例外と明記)
Source (YAML)
examples/gallery/322-分子の形とVSEPR.zumen.yaml
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