Instruments and acoustics
How equalizers work (a GEQ has 31 fixed bands, a PEQ lets you choose centre and width)
A graphic EQ moves only the level of 31 fixed bands, whose centres are 1000 Hz times powers of 10^(1/10); a parametric EQ also lets you choose the centre and the width. Pulling three neighbouring sliders cuts deeper than any one of them, and a feedback tone that falls between two graphic bands is a job for a narrow parametric band.
This drawing comes from one YAML file. No shape was moved by hand.
Notes in the source (in Japanese)
イコライザーは、どこを(周波数)・どれだけ(ゲイン)・どの幅で(Q)変えるかの 3 つ。グラフィック EQ はそのうち「どれだけ」だけを動かし、パラメトリック EQ は 3 つとも動かす。
JIS C 1514:2002(IEC 61260:1995)は、オクターブ比を 10 のべきで G = 10^(3/10) と決め、基準を厳密に 1000Hz とする。1/3 オクターブの厳密な中心は fm = 1000 × G^(x/3) = 1000 × 10^(x/10)(x は整数)。帯域の端は f1 = fm × G^(−1/6)、f2 = fm × G^(+1/6)(= 10^(±1/20) 倍)。公称値は厳密値を丸めたもので、JIS C 1514:2002 の引用規格に ISO 266:1997(Preferred frequencies)がある。例:x = 7 の厳密値 5,011.872Hz、公称 5,000Hz(JIS C 1514:2002 3.5 備考 3)。20Hz(x = −17)から 20kHz(x = 13)まで 31 本。
② ③の曲線はアナログのピーキングフィルタ(Audio EQ Cookbook の peakingEQ と同じ形、A = 10^(dB/40))の振幅で、各バンドを直列につないだもの(dB で足す)として計算した。実機の GEQ は回路で重なり方が違うので、深さは目安。1/3 オクターブの Q は 1/Q = 2 sinh((ln2/2) × 1/3) から 4.318。
つまみの設定(200・250・315Hz を下げ、3.15kHz を上げる)と PEQ の 3 バンドは説明のための例。
- シェルビング(低域・高域をまとめて上げ下げする形)とハイパス —— 形が違う。PEQ の 3 バンドはピーキングだけにした- 位相の変化 —— EQ は位相も動かすが、この図は大きさだけ- 製品のパネル —— 実在の機種の配置をなぞらない
EQ がミキサーのどこにあるかは見本 343、スピーカーの構造は見本 371、PA の配置は見本 101・370。
Source (YAML)
examples/gallery/372-イコライザーの仕組み-GEQとPEQ.zumen.yaml
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